Opportunities Within The Vietnamese Market Marketing Essay

Openings Within The Vietnamese Market Marketing Essay This report conducts explores and investigates the chances and dangers of creating chocolate business in Vietnam in the regard of financial, political, legitimate, social, social, geological and climatic condition. In addition, the report assesses the conditions by rating them as low, medium and significant level. Subsequent to breaking down the point by point factors in Vietnam, the open doors exceed dangers to a huge degree, particularly the open exchange strategy including supporting remote speculation, which prompts further suggestions that Vietnam ought to be reflected as the likely market to extend chocolate business for Swiss producer and it is plausible to set up plant. Vietnam has encountered showcase situated financial changes since 1986, which offered ascend to expedient monetary turn of events. Over the time of 1991 to 2005, GDP development rate in Vietnam accomplished around 7.9% (Consumer Lifestyles in Vietnam, Euromonitor International, 2008). Meanwhile, Vietnamese economy has gotten one of Asian biggest economies with ostensible GDP of $ 436 billion and $92.439 billion out of 2009. As indicated by the Vietnam Living Standard Survey (VLSS) led by the GSO like clockwork, the normal salary per individual in Vietnam in 2006 was VND636,000 every month or VND7.63 million every year, an expansion of 31.3% from 2004 (Consumer Lifestyles in Vietnam, Euromonitor International, 2008), which was because of the countrys magnificent financial execution. On this condition, the Vietnamese can purchase more customer merchandise even extravagant items like reasonable exchange chocolate on the grounds that expanding expendable wages mean propelling buying ability in a specific way. In the course of recent years, there were a genuine of new exchange strategies gave to heighten exchange advancement air and the key angles are as per the following: Firstly, limitations on quantitative import items have been disassembled to an enormous degree (on all items with the exception of sugar and oil based commodities); besides, because of significant reduction in duties, the degree of territorial protectionism has been decreased; thirdly, the hindrances on remote direct speculation (FDI) has been discharged; at long last, government motivated private-segment to participate in outside exchange and set up undertakings (Athukorala, P-C, 2006). In addition, on November 7, 2006, Vietnam joined the WTO being the 150th Member of the WTO with essential exchanging accomplices, for example, China, Japan, Australia, ASEAN (the Association of South East Asian Nations) nations, the U.S. what's more, Western European nations. There are upgrades in two fundamental territories: In administration, Vietnam is focused on expelling the cutoff points on outside possession in many areas however this can be eliminated in various stages; in exchanging rights, the WTO duties announce that all residential and remote firms have full rights to import and fare under a similar enrollment techniques. Exchanging rights likewise remember the option to disperse imported items for Vietnams domain and the option to pick nearby wholesalers (Tien Quang Tran, T. Q., 2008). Thus, there are less checks for Swiss chocolate producer to fabricate manufactory and broaden benefits in Vietnam. All the more essentially, Swiss maker can help out neighborhood private-divisions like material providers, which enriches it with more deal influence because of the good exchange arrangements. 2.1.3 Encouragement of outside speculation (elevated level) Since the beginning period of redesign changes, the Vietnamese government has understood the critical job of FDI for financial progress and advancement. As of late, the administration is gathering useful data to cut down the hindrances debilitated the fascination of FDI and make further advance to improve Vietnams venture atmosphere by driving ordinary semi-yearly gatherings,. On 1 July 2006, another law called Investment Law gave by the National Assembly became effective. The law was advanced with the perspective on rewarding the speculation exercises of both outside and household financial specialists consistently and prompting another flood of remote venture (Tran, T. Q., 2008). Besides, the Investment Law is fundamental to set up progressively open speculation atmosphere and incorporate into the universal market to meeting WTO standards, for example, the most-supported country, and exposure and straightforwardness standards. In the course of recent years, outside interest in Vietnam became surmised triple than the past (Tran, T. Q., 2008). For instance, Microsoft and Intel put 10 million in Vietnam individually, the Swiss Banks created transporting industry by financing one billion U.S. dollars, and Taiwans Hon Hai Group contributed 5 billion U.S. dollars in Vietnam to make Hong Haidi nation. As indicated by measurements from Vietnams remote speculation organization division, the size of FDI has arrived at 160 billion out of 2007, with development pace of 57% contrasted and 102 billion dollars in 2006. Under these conditions, there could be more space and open doors for Swiss reasonable exchange chocolate maker to open up new market in Vietnam by virtue of less legitimate limitations and greater consolation from nearby government. Likewise, when Swiss producer faces troubles, it is important for neighborhood government to go all out to extend bolster hand. 2.1.4 Expanding dispersion channels (medium level) Since Vietnam went into the WTO, markets/hypermarkets go to be head dispersion channels with wide assortment of items and a wonderful shopping experience rather than little basic food item retailers. For example, an organization called Saigon Nguyen Kim (Sai Gon-Nguyen Kim) opened one strip mall CMC Square in Ho Chi Minh City. CMC Square covers a territory of 4,000 square meters, which can get a huge number of clients every day. It will be the leader store among the current 9 branches which situated in the capital Hanoi, Can Tho, Da Nang and Binh Duong Province and different urban areas. Right now, the examination shows that the deals of chocolate sweet shop were progressively sold by means of grocery stores/hypermarkets (Chocolate Confectionery Vietnam, Euromonitor International, 2009, p.2). All the more significantly, chocolate is one sort of food which has high necessity for temperature, in this manner, the propelled stockpiling condition, for example, working cools will add to dr ag out its stockpiling period and guarantee its scrumptious taste. 2.1.5 Labor cost (medium level) The work cost in Vietnam is in low level contrasted and other Asian nations like China. From one perspective, this is a preferred position for Swiss chocolate maker to set up manufactory, which is a significant factor in sparing expense and empowers Swiss producer to put more in advance specialized types of gear and work force preparing. 2.2 Liberalization in Political Environment (medium level) Until December 2007, Vietnam had set up discretionary relations with 172 nations. Lately, the administration of Vietnam has taken activities to securing residential (one-sided) progression changes by subscribing to assume a functioning job in local, two-sided and multilateral exchange advancement activities (Athukorala, P-C, 2006). This sort of world of politics with opportunity and receptive outlook makes equitable business air for Swiss chocolate maker. Additionally, as appeared in an endeavor review directed by World Bank, it appears that Vietnam has a superior positioning contrasted with all other Asian nations like China and Thailand (Tran, T. Q., 2008, p. 1193). In a word, the stable political circumstance and elevated level of security help to achieve okay for Swiss producer. 2.3 Social and Cultural Aspect 2.3.1 Open demeanor to remote societies and brands (elevated level) Starting from the 1990s, Vietnam has been presented to outside societies like Southeast Asian, European and American culture. Under this impact, neighborhood clients are like to buy outside brands and they consider that global merchandise own higher caliber than nearby brands with their built up names (Chocolate Confectionery Vietnam, Euromonitor International, 2009, p.2). As of late, numerous renowned remote brands have entered the market, including Giordano, Levi, Valentino, Chanel, Louis Vuitton, Calvin Klein, LOreal and Shiseido. Garments, satchels, fragrances and beautifiers have delighted in a yearly development pace of 30% in the Vietnamese market. Simultaneously, the number and estimation of imported vehicles and motorbikes in Vietnam has expanded essentially because of an abatement in the import tax on vehicles from 90% to 60%. Vietnam imported 28,000 vehicles in 2007, of which 5,000 vehicles were imported in December at an estimation of USD73 million (Consumer Lifestyles in Vietnam, Euromonitor International, 2008, p.2). Taking into account the current inclination, Swiss reasonable exchange chocolate can hold onto piece of the overall industry because of its high notoriety with long history and awesome taste. 2.3.2 Promotion by open media (medium level) Open media particularly TV assume significant job in transmitting remote culture and expanding consciousness of universal brands. Practically 95% of Vietnamese family units presently have power associations contrasted with just half in the mid 1990s. Vietnamese individuals like to stare at the TV in their extra time. In rustic territories, individuals normally visit each other after work to eat, talk and appreciate TV programs (Consumer Lifestyles in Vietnam, Euromonitor International, 2008, p.17). Vietnamese can gain adequate data with respect to the benefits of chocolate. As the advancement by open media, Vietnamese buyers typically bought chocolate as a present for an exceptional event, for example, Tet Holidays, birthday celebrations and particularly Valentines Day (Chocolate Confectionery Vietnam, Euromonitor International, 2009, p.2). In addition, it is increasingly well known that they even devour chocolate as day by day utilization merchandise. 2.3.3 Customers inclination of extravagance merchandise (medium level) Some of

Universal truths and God Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

All inclusive facts and God - Essay Example In the paper, On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense Nietzsche communicates his perspectives on the issue of general facts and the conviction of God as a well known fact. Nietzsche acknowledges that 'truth' signifies each thought or view. 'Truth' is practiced by individuals who have control and can spread it utilizing this force. His different comments where terms like 'truth' and God figure can be rendered all things considered intelligible just in the event that they are seen as endeavors on his part both to acknowledge and break down the manners by which such terms work specifically spaces of discourse.Nietzsche says that who knows what implies truth of the world, regarding human instinct, or concerning what usually goes for truth, it ought not be expected that his perceptions about the idea of what commonly goes for truth are intended to apply without capability to these statements. He considers the last to have a similar kind of warrant that typical or logical 'realities' are pro posed to have. (Leary 267). Nietzsche expresses: each individuals has a correspondingly scientifically partitioned applied paradise above themselves and from this time forward believes that fact requests that each calculated god be looked for just inside his own circle (Nietzsche n.d.). Nietzsche underlines the nature and extent of generally accepted fact, the subjective importance of perceptual experience and logical and legitimate thinking, and the conditions under which different sorts of information might be viewed as evident, implies issues which can't be settled preceding the thought of every considerable inquiry. They can be managed appropriately just inside the setting of a general comprehension of man's inclination and his connection to the world, drawing upon their investigation from an assortment of viewpoints (Leary 270). In the cheeky, Nietzsche discusses 'truth' and 'information, yet these terms don't have a solitary sense and reference in the entirety of their events. Now and again they ought to be comprehended as they have generally been utilized by scholars with responsibilities to specific sorts of magical places of which he is profoundly basic (Neighbors 227). In different occurrences they ought to be comprehended as alluding to what usually goes for 'truth' or 'information' among non-rationalists, and to the most that reality and information can add up to in ordinary or logical undertakings. He [a man] is uninterested toward unadulterated information which has no results; toward those realities which are perhaps hurtful and ruinous he is even threateningly slanted (Nietzsche n.d.). The generally accepted fact remains constant of our 'otherworldly' resources - including our intellectual powers, no not exactly of our progressively fundamental capacities. He doesn't present direct contentions for this position; however he would seem to consider at any rate something of the sort as an outcome of the notion that there is no otherworldly Deity. When the presence of such a Deity is excused, he takes the ground cut free from any individual who might give a non-naturalistic record of the root and nature of any of man's resources (Neighbors 227). There then can be no 'strict approval and assurance of our faculties and sanity' of the sort to which Descartes and others claimed; and this renders the thought 'that reasoning methods a proportion of reality' a bit of 'moralistic trustfulness' which is very without warrant. In this manner he considers scholarly honesty to request not that one cease from assuming anything along the lines demonstrated above (Neighbors 227), but i nstead that one make these presuppositions and not shrivel from their ramifications for different further philosophical inquiries, for example, those emerging in epistemology. At the point when a divine being looking like a bull can drag away ladies, when even the goddess Athena herself is unexpectedly found in the organization of Peisastratus at that point, as in a fantasy, the sky is the limit at every second, and all of nature swarms around man as though it were only a disguise of the divine beings (Nietzsche, n.d.). Any such getting will

50 Must-Read Books About Eating Disorders

50 Must-Read Books About Eating Disorders According to the National Eating Disorder Association, eating disorders affect over 70 million people worldwide. Those numbers seem to be rising as well, due to the increased impact media has on our everyday lives. Thankfully, there are plenty of books about eating disorders out there that document the struggles of this issue in ways that are both enlightening and empowering. Here some of the best options for books about eating disorders out there, across several genres. **Please note that the following titles might be triggering for those currently suffering or recovering from eating disorders.** Memoirs About Eating Disorders not all black girls know how to eat  by  Stephanie Covington Armstrong Stephanie Covington Armstrong does not fit the stereotype of a woman with an eating disorder. She grew up poor and hungry in the inner city. Foster care, sexual abuse, and overwhelming insecurity defined her early years. But the biggest difference is her race: Stephanie is black. In this moving first-person narrative, Armstrong describes her struggle as a black woman with a disorder consistently portrayed as a white woman’s problem. Trying to escape her self-hatred and her food obsession by never slowing down, Stephanie becomes trapped in a downward spiral. Finally, she can no longer deny that she will die if she doesn’t get help, overcome her shame, and conquer her addiction to using food as a weapon against herself. unbearable lightness: A story of loss and gain by portia de rossi Portia de Rossi weighed only 82 pounds when she collapsed on the set of the Hollywood film in which she was playing her first leading role. This should have been the culmination of all her years of hard workâ€"first as a child model in Australia, then as a cast member of one of the hottest shows on American television. On the outside she was thin and blond, glamorous and successful. On the inside, she was literally dying. In this remarkable and beautifully written work, Portia shines a bright light on a dark subject. A crucial book for all those who might sometimes feel at war with themselves or their bodies, Unbearable Lightness is a story that inspires hope and nourishes the spirit. brave girl eating: A Familys Struggle with anorexia by harriet brown In Brave Girl Eating, the chronicle of a family’s struggle with anorexia nervosa, journalist, professor, and author Harriet Brown recounts in mesmerizing and horrifying detail her daughter Kitty’s journey from near-starvation to renewed health. Brave Girl Eating is an intimate, shocking, compelling, and ultimately uplifting look at the ravages of a mental illness that affects more than 18 million Americans. loud in the house of myself: memoir of a strange girl  by stacy pershall Stacy Pershall grew up as an overly intelligent, depressed, deeply strange girl in Prairie Grove, Arkansas, population 1,000. From her days as a thirteen-year-old Jesus freak through her eventual diagnosis of bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder, this spirited memoir chronicles Pershall’s journey through hell and her struggle with the mental health care system. hunger: A Memoir of (my) body  by roxane gay New York Times  bestselling author Roxane Gay has written with intimacy and sensitivity about food and bodies, using her own emotional and psychological struggles as a means of exploring our shared anxieties over pleasure, consumption, appearance, and health. As a woman who describes her own body as “wildly undisciplined,” Roxane understands the tension between desire and denial, between self-comfort and self-care. In  Hunger,  she casts an insightful and critical eye on her childhood, teens, and twentiesâ€"including the devastating act of violence that acted as a turning point in her young lifeâ€"and brings readers into the present and the realities, pains, and joys of her daily life. With the bracing candor, vulnerability, and authority that have made her one of the most admired voices of her generation, Roxane explores what it means to be overweight in a time when the bigger you are, the less you are seen.  Hunger  is a deeply personal memoir from one of our finest writers, and tells a story that hasn’t yet been told but needs to be. please eat…: A mothers struggle to free her teenage son From anorexia  by Bev Mattocks Bright, popular and a star on the rugby pitch, 15-year-old Ben had everything he could want. But then food-loving Ben began to systematically starve himself. At the same time, his urge to exercise became extreme. In a matter of months Ben lost one quarter of his bodyweight as he plunged into anorexia nervosa, an illness that threatened to destroy him. Please eat…:A mothers struggle to free her teenage son from anorexia  is his mothers heart-breaking yet inspirational account of how she watched helplessly as her son transformed into someone she didnt recognise, physically and mentally. It also describes how, with the help of his parents and therapist, and through his own determination, Ben slowly began to recover and re-build his life. the body tourist by dana lise shavin In this moving and funny memoir that spans the six years following the authors purported recovery from anorexia, Dana Lise Shavin offers a candid and ultimately optimistic window into the mindset and machinations of a mental illness whose tentacles reached deep into her life, long after she was considered cured. While many writers have written candidly and eloquently about their struggles with depression, addictions, and eating disorders, those stories usually conclude once there is progress toward recovery. Beyond recoveryâ€"whether from addiction, illness, the death of a loved one, or divorceâ€"there is another story, one that is about how we re-join the world, and, in the living years that follow the darkness, pursue a life that is creative, engaged, and deeply felt in ones body. how to disappear completely by kelly osgood She devoured their memoirs and magazine articles, committing the most salacious details of their cautionary tales to memoryâ€"how little they ate, their lowest weights, and their merciless exercise regimesâ€"to learn what it would take to be the very best anorectic. When she was hospitalized for anorexia at fifteen, she found herself in an existential wormhole: how can one suffer from something one has actively sought out? Through her own decade-long battle with anorexia, which included three lengthy hospitalizations, Osgood harrowingly describes the haunting and competitive world of inpatient facilities populated with other adolescents, some as young as ten years old. With attuned storytelling and unflinching introspection, Kelsey Osgood unpacks the modern myths of anorexia, examining the cult-like underbelly of eating disorders in the young, as she chronicles her own rehabilitation.  How to Disappear Completely  is a brave, candid and emotionally wrenching memoir that explores the physical, internal, and social ramifications of eating disorders and subverts many of the popularly held notions of the illness and, most hopefully, the path to recovery. lesbian crushes and bulimia: A diary on how i acquired my eating disorder by natasha holme In 1989, nineteen-year-old Natasha is obsessively in love with her former teacher, Miss Williams. The tattoo she flashes around says so. Natasha meets Alex, a girl her own age, who questions her about the tattoo. An awkward romance is born. In this real-life teenage diary, Natasha records her panic at a looming LESBIAN relationship. To lose some excess fat, she starves herself of food…whilst working in a chip shop. And just to make sure shes gay, Natasha drags five boys into bed in the space of a week, a sin for which the sexuality police threaten to kick her out of the university Lesbian and Gay Society. In this coming out story and love story, Natasha struggles with clumsy attempts at heterosexuality, the sickening effects of weight loss techniques, disapproving shaven-headed lesbians, and sexual harassment in the chip shop. it was me all along by andie mitchell All her life, Andie Mitchell had eaten lustily and mindlessly. Food was her babysitter, her best friend, her confidant, and it provided a refuge from her fractured family. But when she stepped on the scale on her twentieth birthday and it registered a shocking 268 pounds, she knew she had to change the way she thought about food and herself; that her life was at stake. It Was Me All Along  takes Andie from working class Boston to the romantic streets of Rome, from morbidly obese to half her size, from seeking comfort in anything that came cream-filled and two-to-a-pack to finding balance in exquisite (but modest) bowls of handmade pasta. This story is about much more than a woman who loves food and abhors her body. It is about someone who made changes when her situation seemed too far gone and how she discovered balance in an off-kilter world. More than anything, though, it is the story of her finding beauty in acceptance and learning to love all parts of herself. this mean disease: growing up in the shadow of my mothers anorexia nervosa  by daniel becker In the first book written by the child of someone who died from an eating disorder, Daniel Becker shows us the heartbreaking details of his mothers anorexia nervosaâ€"her unrelenting obsession with food and her inability to nourish herself. His earliest memory of her is watching as she packs her suitcase for the first of numerous hospitalizations. From the observations of that confused child to his realization of helplessness as an adult, Daniel conveys the inner world of an anorectic and her family. He provides an intimate portrayal of how he, his father and his two brothers each struggled to balance their loyalty to Mom against the increasing awareness that only by separating from her could they ensure their own survival. In the end, Daniel must come to terms with his mother’s slow demise and begin to lead a life out from under the shadow of her illness. wasted: a memoir of anorexia and bulimia by marya hornbacher Why would a talented young woman enter into a torrid affair with hunger, drugs, sex, and death? Through five lengthy hospital stays, endless therapy, and the loss of family, friends, jobs, and all sense of what it means to be normal, Marya Hornbacher lovingly embraced her anorexia and bulimiaâ€"until a particularly horrifying bout with the disease in college put the romance of wasting away to rest forever. A vivid, honest, and emotionally wrenching memoir,  Wasted  is the story of one womans travels to realitys darker sideâ€"and her decision to find her way back on her own terms. how to murder your life by Cat marnell At twenty-six, Cat Marnell was an associate beauty editor at  Lucky, one of the top fashion magazines in Americaâ€"and that’s all most people knew about her. But she hid a secret life. She was a prescription drug addict. She was also a “doctor shopper” who manipulated Upper East Side psychiatrists for pills, pills, and more pills; a lonely bulimic who spent hundreds of dollars a week on binge foods; a promiscuous party girl who danced barefoot on banquets; a weepy and hallucination-prone insomniac who would take anythingâ€"anythingâ€"to sleep. This is a tale of self-loathing, self-sabotage, and yes, self-tanner. It begins at a posh New England prep schoolâ€"and with a prescription for Attention Deficit Disorder medication Ritalin. It continues to New York, where we follow Marnell’s amphetamine-fueled rise from intern to editor through the beauty departments of  NYLON,  Teen Vogue,  Glamour, and  Lucky. We see her fight between ambition and addiction and how, inevitably, her disease threatens everything she worked so hard to achieve. Teen Books About Eating DIsorders Just listen by Sarah dessen Last year, Annabel was the girl who has everythingâ€"at least thats the part she played in the television commercial for Kopfs Department Store. This year, shes the girl who has nothing: no best friend because mean-but-exciting Sophie dropped her, no peace at home since her older sister became anorexic, and no one to sit with at lunch. Until she meets Owen Armstrong. Tall, dark, and music-obsessed, Owen is a reformed bad boy with a commitment to truth-telling. With Owens help, maybe Annabel can face what happened the night she and Sophie stopped being friends. wintergirls by laurie halse anderson Lia and Cassie are best friends, wintergirls frozen in matchstick bodies, competitors in a deadly contest to see who can be the skinniest. But what comes after size zero and size double-zero? When Cassie succumbs to the demons within, Lia feels she is being haunted by her friend’s restless spirit. Tiny pretty things  by sona charaipotra and dhonielle clayton Gigi, Bette, and June, three top students at an exclusive Manhattan ballet school, have seen their fair share of drama. Free-spirited new girl Gigi just wants to danceâ€"but the very act might kill her. Privileged New Yorker Bettes desire to escape the shadow of her ballet-star sister brings out a dangerous edge in her. And perfectionist June needs to land a lead role this year or her controlling mother will put an end to her dancing dreams forever. When every dancer is both friend and foe, the girls will sacrifice, manipulate, and backstab to be the best of the best. massive by julia Bell Im fat, I hear myself saying. I look in the mirror. My face has gone hot and red; I feel like Im going to explode. Im fat. It sizzles under my skin, puffing me up, pushing me out, making me massive. Weight has always been a big issue in Carmens life. How could it not? Her mom is obsessed with the idea that thin equals beautiful, thin equals successful, thin equals the way to get what you want. Carmen knows that as far as her mom is concerned, there is only one option: be thin. When her mother sweeps her off to live in the city, Carmen finds that her old world is disappearing. As her life spirals out of control Carmen begins to take charge of the only thing she canâ€"what she eats. If she were thin, very thin, could it all be different? monkey taming by judith fathallah When Jessica was thirteen years old, she met the Monkey. The Monkey lived inside her: a driving, fiery voice telling her that thinness was the only way. The only way to be safe, to be good, to be acceptable and above all, to escape from the cold, looming threat of approaching adulthood. Jessica listened to the Monkey, and it consumed her. This is the illuminating story of a teenage girls wanderings in darkness: the spiral down into madness, the terrible realities of an adolescent psychiatric unit, and the stark choice that she must either tame her monsterâ€"or die. fat chance by lesléA newman A diary records a year in the life of Judi Leibowitz as she dreams of becoming the thinnest girl in the eighth grade and struggles to control her unending battle with calories, food, pounds, and bulimia. paperweight by meg haston Seventeen-year-old Stevie is trapped. In her life. In her body. And now in an eating disorder treatment center on the dusty outskirts of the New Mexico desert. Life in the center is regimented and intrusive, a nightmare come true. Nurses and therapists watch Stevie at meal time, accompany her to the bathroom, and challenge her to eat the foods she’s worked so hard to avoid. Her dad has signed her up for sixty days of treatment. But what no one knows is that Stevie doesn’t plan to stay that long. There are only twenty-seven days until the anniversary of her brother Josh’s deathâ€"the death  she  caused. And if Stevie gets her way, there are only twenty-seven days until she, too, will end her life. Paperweight  follows seventeen-year-old Stevie’s journey as she struggles not only with a life-threatening eating disorder, but with the question of whether she can ever find absolution for the mistakes of her past…and whether she truly deserves to. the hanged man by francesca lia block After the death of her father, Laurel is haunted by a legacy of family secrets, hidden shame, and shattered glass. Immersing herself in the heady rhythms of a city that is like something wild, caged, and pacing, Laurel tries to lose herself. But when she runs away from the past, she discovers a passion so powerful, it brings her roundabout and face-to-face with the demons she wants to avoid. nothing by robin friedman Sometimes trees can look healthy on the outside, but actually be dying inside. These trees fall unexpectedly during a storm. For high school senior Parker Rabinowitz, anything less than success is a failure. A dropped extracurricular, a C on a calc quiz, a non-Jewish shiksa girlfriendone misstep, and his meticulously constructed life splinters and collapses. The countdown to HYP (Harvard, Yale, Princeton) has begun, and he will stay focused. Thats why he has to keep it a secret. The pocketful of breath mints. The weird smell in the bathroom. He cant tell his achievement-obsessed father. He cant tell his hired college consultant. And he certainly cant tell Julianne, the vision of hotness he so desperately wants to love. Only Parkers little sister Danielle seems to notice that hes withering away. falling into place by amy zhang On the day Liz Emerson tries to die, they had reviewed Newtons laws of motion in physics class. Then, after school, she put them into practice by running her Mercedes off the road. Why did Liz Emerson decide that the world would be better off without her? Why did she give up? The nonlinear novel pieces together the short and devastating life of Meridian Highs most popular junior girl. Mass, acceleration, momentum, forceâ€"Liz didnt understand it in physics, and even as her Mercedes hurtles toward the tree, she doesnt understand it now. How do we impact one another? How do our actions reverberate? What does it mean to be a friend? To love someone? To be a daughter? Or a mother? Is life truly more than cause and effect? Amy Zhangs haunting and universal story will appeal to fans of Lauren Oliver, Gayle Forman, and Jay Asher. believarexic by Jj johnson Jennifer cant go on like thisâ€"binging, purging, starving, and all while trying to appear like shes got it all together. But when she finally confesses her secret to her parents and is hospitalized at the Samuel Tuke Center, her journey is only beginning. As Jennifer progresses through her treatment, she learns to recognize her relationship with food, and friends, and familyâ€"and how each is healthy or unhealthy. She has to learn to trust herself and her own instincts, but thats easier than it sounds. She has to believeâ€"after many years of being a believarexic. Adult Fiction shes come undone by wally lamb Meet Dolores Price. Shes 13, wise-mouthed but wounded, having bid her childhood goodbye. Stranded in front of her bedroom TV, she spends the next few years nourishing herself with the Mallomars, potato chips, and Pepsi her anxious mother supplies. When she finally orbits into young womanhood at 257 pounds, Dolores is no stronger and life is no kinder. But this time shes determined to rise to the occasion and give herself one more chance before she  really  goes under. binary star by sarah gerard With luminous, lyrical prose, Binary Star is an impassioned account of a young woman struggling with anorexia and her long-distance, alcoholic boyfriend. On a road trip circumnavigating the United States, they stumble into a book on veganarchism, and believe theyve found a direction. Binary Star is an intense, fast-moving saga of two young lovers and the culture that keeps them sick (or at least inundated with quick-fix solutions); a society that sells diet pills, sleeping pills, magazines that profile celebrities who lose weight or too much weight or put on weight, and books that pimp diet secrets or recipes for success. behind closed doors by b.a. Paris Everyone knows a couple like Jack and Grace. He has looks and wealth; she has charm and elegance. He’s a dedicated attorney who has never lost a case; she is a flawless homemaker, a masterful gardener and cook, and dotes on her disabled younger sister. Though they are still newlyweds, they seem to have it all. You might not want to like them, but you do. You’re hopelessly charmed by the ease and comfort of their home, by the graciousness of the dinner parties they throw. You’d like to get to know Grace better. But it’s difficult, because you realize Jack and Grace are inseparable. Some might call this true love. Others might wonder why Grace never answers the phone. Or why she can never meet for coffee, even though she doesn’t work. How she can cook such elaborate meals but remain so slim. Or why she never seems to take anything with her when she leaves the house, not even a pen. Or why there are such high-security metal shutters on all the downstairs windows. Some might wonder what’s really going on once the dinner party is over, and the front door has closed. restricted: A novel of half Truths by jennifer Kinsel Restricted  takes readers into the mind of a nineteen-year-old girl named Erin. Brought on by the obsession over weight and calories, and fueled by low self-esteem, she falls victim to an eating disorder. The world she enters is a world where thoughts are overrun by fears, lies are no longer fiction, and reality is miles away. The healthy nineteen year old that used to be is replaced by a weaker girl unable to keep up with her peers. Erins distorted thinking and actions eventually take a toll on her body and mind. In order to get better, change is the only option. The journey told starts during the height of the sickness and follows Erin through the many challenges and lessons of treatment. In order to start her process in recovery, she must face her greatest fear: herself. Based on the authors own experiences, Erins story is not unique. There are millions around the world who are living her story, still struggling to find their way. handle with care by jodi picoult Every expectant parent will tell you that they don’t want a perfect baby, just a healthy one. Charlotte and Sean O’Keefe would have asked for a healthy baby, too, if they’d been given the choice. Instead, their lives are made up of sleepless nights, mounting bills, the pitying stares of “luckier” parents, and maybe worst of all, the what-ifs. What if their child had been born healthy? But it’s all worth it because Willow is, funny as it seems, perfect. She’s smart as a whip, on her way to being as pretty as her mother, kind, brave, and for a five-year-old an unexpectedly deep source of wisdom. Willow is Willow, in sickness and in health. Everything changes, though, after a series of events forces Charlotte and her husband to confront the most serious what-ifs of all. What if Charlotte had known earlier of Willow’s illness? What if things could have been different? What if their beloved Willow had never been born? To do Willow justice, Charlotte must ask herself these questions and one more. What constitutes a valuable life? the passion of alice by stephanie grant After an episode of heart failure, Alice arrives in the eating disorder clinic of Seaview Hospital, where she detachedly watches a circus unfold…starring her perfectionist mother, Syd (“she’d been a synchronized swimmer in college”), her counselors (“the therapists are like tuning forks for epiphanies”), and the resident anorexics, bulimics, and compulsive eaters. But it is newcomer Maeve Sullivan, at once raucous and tender, with her fleshy body and hedonistic appetites, who turns Alice’s adventure beyond her own distorted looking glass into a new perception of herselfâ€"and who wakens an attraction that touches Alice’s soul and changes her life forever. anthologies body outlaws: Rewriting the rules of beauty and body image,  edited by ophira edut Pick up a magazine, turn on the TV, and youll find few women who havent been fried, dyed, plucked, or tucked. In short, youll see no body outlaws. The writers in this groundbreaking anthology reveal a world where bodies come in all their many-splendored shapes, sizes, colors, and textures. In doing so, they expand the national dialogue on body image to include race, ethnicity, sexuality, and powerâ€"issues that, while often overlooked, are intimately linked to how women feel about their bodies. Body Outlaws offers stories by those who have chosen to ignore, subvert, or redefine the dominant beauty standard in order to feel at home in their bodies. feed me! Writers dish about food, eating, weight, and body image,  edited by harriet brown In our appearance-obsessed society, eating is about much more than hunger and sustenance. Food inspires pleasure and anxiety, shame and obsession. We are constantly judged on how we look, so we’ve come to judge ourselves (and others) on what and how we eat. Exploring the bonds between appetite and remorse, hunger and longing, satisfaction and desire, this anthology is for every woman who’s ever felt guilty about eating dessert, or gushed over a friend’s weight loss, or wished she had a different body. going hungry: writers on desire, self-denial, and overcoming anorexia,  edited by kate taylor Here, collected for the first time, 19 writers describe their eating disorders from the distance of recovery, exposing as never before the anorexics self-enclosed world. Taking up issues including depression, genetics, sexuality, sports, religion, fashion and family, these essays examine the role anorexia plays in a young persons search for direction. Powerful and immensely informative, this collection makes accessible the mindset of a disease that has long been misunderstood. things ill never say, edited by anne angel A baby no one knows about. A dangerous hidden identity. Off-limits hookups. A parent whose problems your friends won’t understand. Everyone keeps secretsâ€"from themselves, from their families, from their friendsâ€"and secrets have a habit of shaping the lives around them. Acclaimed author Ann Angel brings together some of today’s most gifted YA authors to explore, in a variety of genres, the nature of secrets: Do they make you stronger or weaker? Do they alter your world when revealed? Do they divide your life into what you’ll tell and what you won’t? The one thing these diverse stories share is a glimpse into the secret self we all keep hidden. non-fiction/self-help Books About Eating Disorders goodbye ed, hello me  by jenni schaefer Jenni Schaefer and Ed (eating disorder) are no longer on speaking terms, not even in her most difficult moments. In her bestseller,  Life Without Ed,  Jenni learned to treat her eating disorder as a relationship, not a condition-enabling her to break up with Ed once and for all. In  Goodbye Ed, Hello Me  Jenni shows you that being fully recovered is not just about breaking free from destructive behaviors with food and having a healthy relationship with your body; it also means finding joy and peace in your life. healing your hungry heart by joanna poppink 10 million people in the U.S., including 1 in 5 women, suffer from eating disorders. While this issue has long been associated with teenage girls, doctors are now reporting that a growing number of women are also developing these disorders later in life or have hidden these problems for years. For women in their thirties, forties, fifties, and beyond, issues of loss from divorce, death, and empty nest syndrome as well as marriage and career pressures can trigger an eating disorder. Psychotherapist Joanna Poppink offers a comprehensive and effective recovery program for women with eating disorders, based on her thirty-year professional practice treating adults with anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating. She shares her personal struggles with bulimia, along with stories from a wide-range of clients she has counseled. Poppink primarily addresses women who have been suffering with eating disorders for years while they manage their careers, marriages, and families. the eating disorder sourcebook by carolyn costin Anorexia, bulimia, binge eating, exercise addictions…these disorders can be devastating, but they are in no way unbeatable. Therapist Carolyn Costin, herself recovered from anorexia, brings three decades of experience and the newest research in the field together, providing readers with the latest treatments, from medication and behavioral therapy to alternative remedies. does every woman have an eating disorder?  by stacey m. Rosenfeld Does every woman have an eating disorder? Its a bold question but one that must be asked. Why is it that todays womenâ€"successful students, career women, wives, and mothersâ€"are struggling more than ever with food and weight? Even those who dont suffer from a clinical eating disorder seem to have some sort of issue around food and weight. We live in a culture of culinary abundance but are taught to do whatever it takes to shrink our flesh. From an early age, women are bombarded with messages regarding what size and shape they should be, a campaign that takes a toll on their relationship with food, their self-esteem, and their health. Its hard to go a day without seeing an advertisement for a new diet product, overhearing a conversation about weight between colleagues or a plan of attack between friends as they brace themselves for dining out, or reading a headline about our nations obesity crisis. the sacred bombshell handbook of self-love  by abiola abrams The Sacred Bombshell Handbook of Self-Love is your passport to become the woman you were born to be. If youve been looking for a sign, this is it. Love-Body-Spiritâ„¢ coach, advice columnist, and motivational speaker Abiola Abrams reveals 11 self-worth secrets with assignments to awaken your feminine energy, reclaiming the word bombshell to mean a woman who deliciously embodies her mind, body, spiritâ€"and joy. Abiolas transformational coaching is buoyed by her Guyanese family lessons and overcoming personal challenges from disordered eating to a failed marriage. If you have everything going for you, except what you really want, this journey is for you. Self-love is sacred. Being empowered is your femergetic birthright. Consider this your playbook to activate your Big, Brave, Brazen, Bombshell Breakthrough Life! a hunger so wide and so deep: a multi-racial view of womens eating problems by becky w. thompson The first of its kind, A Hunger So Wide and So Deep challenges the popular notion that eating problems occur only among white, well-to-do, heterosexual women. Becky W. Thompson shows us how race, class, sexuality, and nationality can shape womens eating problems. Based on in-depth life history interviews with African-American, Latina, and lesbian women, her book chronicles the effects of racism, poverty, sexism, acculturation, and sexual abuse on womens bodies and eating patterns. A Hunger So Wide and So Deep dispels popular stereotypes of anorexia and bulimia as symptoms of vanity and underscores the risks of mislabeling what is often a way of coping with societys own disorders. By featuring the creative ways in which women have changed their unwanted eating patterns and regained trust in their bodies and appetites, Thompson offers a message of hope and empowerment that applies across race, class, and sexual preference. gaining: the truth about life after eating disorders by aimee liu Aimee Liu, who wrote Solitaire, the first-ever memoir of anorexia, in 1979, returns to the subject nearly three decades later and shares her story and those of the many women in her age group of life beyond this life-altering ailment. She has extensively researched the origins and effects of both anorexia and bulimia, and dispels many commonly held myths about these diseases with the persuasive conclusion that anorexia is a result of personality. Using her own experience and the stories of many recovering anorexics shes interviewed, Liu weaves together a narrative that is both persuasive in argument and compelling in personal details. unbearable weight: feminism, western culture, and the body  by susan bordo Unbearable Weight  is brilliant. From an immensely knowledgeable feminist perspective, in engaging, jargonless (!) prose, Bordo analyzes a whole range of issues connected to the bodyâ€"weight and weight loss, exercise, media images, movies, advertising, anorexia and bulimia, and much moreâ€"in a way that makes sense of our current social landscapeâ€"finally! This is a great book for anyone who wonders why womens magazines are always describing delicious food as sinful and why there is a cake called Death by Chocolate. Loved it!?Katha Pollitt, Nation columnist and author of  Subject to Debate: Sense and Dissents on Women, Politics, and Culture  (2001) fasting girls: the history of anorexia nervosa by joan jacobs brumberg Winner of four major awards, this updated edition of Joan Jacobs Brumbergs  Fasting Girls  presents a history of womens food-refusal dating back as far as the sixteenth century. Here is a tableau of female self-denial: medieval martyrs who used starvation to demonstrate religious devotion, wonders of science whose families capitalized on their ability to survive on flower petals and air, silent screen stars whose strict slimming regimens inspired a generation. Here, too, is a fascinating look at how the cultural ramifications of the Industrial Revolution produced a disorder that continues to render privileged young women helpless. Incisive, compassionate, illuminating,  Fasting Girls  offers real understanding to victims and their families, clinicians, and all women who are interested in the origins and future of this complex, modern and characteristically female disease. French toast for breakfast: declaring peace with emotional eating  by mary anne cohen This is a warm and compassionate guide to understanding the emotions that underlie eating problems: shame, anger, guilt, sexual difficulties, and the fear of success. Clearly written for people concerned about food and weight issues, it is intended to help readers see food as their friend and nourisher, not their enemy. French Toast For Breakfast is filled with practical exercises, dialogues from actual therapy sessions, straight-forward answers to common questions, an in-depth comparison of treatment options, and a look at relapseâ€"how to prevent it and what to do if it occurs. It also includes a unique questionnaire to help readers determine which path to peace is best for them. poetry you remind me of you by eireann corrigan For three years, Eireann Corrigan was in and out of treatment facilities for her eating disorders. By the time she graduated high school, her doctors said she was going to die if things didnt change. That July, her high school boyfriend attempted suicide. In one gunshot moment, everything was altered. In a striking and vivid voice, Eireann Corrigan recounts these events, finding meaning in the hurt, humor in the horror, and grace in the struggle that life demands. You Remind Me of You is a testament to the binding ties of love and pain, and the strange paths we take to recovery. the glimmering room  by cynthia cruz Fierce and fearless, The Glimmering Room beckons readers down into the young speaker’s dark underworld, and because we are seduced by Cruz’s startling imagery and language rich with “Death’s outrageous music,” we follow willingly. Peopled with “ambassadors from the Netherworld”â€"the orphaned and abused, the lost and addictedâ€"Cruz leads us through this “traveling minstrel show / Called girlhoodâ€"” which is at once tragic and magical. a hunger: poems  by lucie brock-broido Ranging from the mundane to the ethereal, the themes of Brock-Broidos first collection are interesting and sometimes startling. The poems range from those concerned with time, especially the conjunction of the past and the future; those influenced by things or places specifically American, poems that appear vaguely autobiographical; and those based on actual historical or contemporary events, usually involving, and often narrated by, a child. how to (un)cage a girl  by francesca Lia block Told in three parts and covering subjects such as anorexia, rape, self-loathing, love, and loss,  How to (Un)cage A Girl  is  a celebration of girls and women in a three part poetry collection that is powerful, hopeful, authentic, and universal. graphic novels lighter than my shadow  by katie green Like most kids, Katie was a picky eater. She’d sit at the table in silent protest, hide uneaten toast in her bedroom, and listen to parental threats that she’d have to eat it for breakfast. But in any life a set of circumstance can collide, and normal behavior might soon shade into something sinister, something deadly. This hand-drawn story of struggle and recovery takes a trip into the black heart of a taboo illness, an exposure of those who are so weak as to prey on the vulnerable, and an inspiration to anybody who believes in the human power to endure towards happiness. ink in water by lacy j. Davis As a young artist living in Portland, Lacy Davis’s eating disorder began with the germ of an idea: a seed of a thought that told her  she just wasn’t good enough. And like ink in water, that idea spread until it reached every corner of her being. This is the true story of Lacy’s journey into the self-destructive world of multiple eating disorders. It starts with a young and positive Lacy, trying to grapple with our culture’s body-image obsession and stay true to her riot grrrl roots. And while she initially succeeds in overcoming a nagging rumination about her body, a breakup with a recovering addict starts her on a collision course with anorexia, health food obsession, and compulsive exercise addiction. At the request of her last real friend, she starts going to a twelve-step Overeaters Anonymous course, only to find that it conflicts with her punk feminist ideology. Blending bold humor, a healthy dose of self-deprecation, vulnerability, literary storytelling, and dynamic and provocative artwork by illustrator Jim Kettner,  Ink in Water  is an unflinching, brutally honest look into the author’s mind: how she learned to take control of her damaging thoughts, redirect her perfectionism from self-destructive behaviors into writing and art, and how she committed herself to a life of health, strength, and nourishment. Of course, while books about eating disorders can be helpful and therapeutic, if you or someone you know is suffering from disordered eating or any related disorders, please get help beyond the written word. If you are in the U.S., the contact helpline for the National Eating Disorder Association is (800) 931-2237. Also consider speaking to a therapist, in person or online.

Overview of 1916 During World War 1

Previous: 1915 - A Stalemate Ensues | World War I: 101 | Next: A Global Struggle Planning for 1916 On December 5, 1915, representatives of the Allied powers gathered at the French headquarters in Chantilly to discuss plans for the coming year. Under the nominal leadership of General Joseph Joffre, the meeting came to the conclusion that the minor fronts that had been opened in places such as Salonika and the Middle East would not be reinforced and that the focus would be on mounting coordinating offensives in Europe. The goal of these was to prevent the Central Powers from shifting troops to defeat each offensive in turn. While the Italians sought to renew their efforts along the Isonzo, the Russians, having made good their losses from the previous year, intended to advance into Poland. On the Western Front, Joffre and the new commander of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), General Sir Douglas Haig, debated strategy. While Joffre initially favored several smaller assaults, Haig desired to launch a major offensive in Flanders. After much discussion, the two decided on a combined offensive along the Somme River, with the British on the north bank and the French on the south. Though both armies had been bled in 1915, they had succeeded in raising large numbers of new troops which allowed the offensive to move forward. Most notable of these were the twenty-four New Army divisions formed under the guidance of Lord Kitchener. Comprised of volunteers, the New Army units were raised under the promise of those who joined together would serve together. As a result, many of the units were comprised of soldiers from the same towns or localities, leading to them being referred to as Chums or Pals battalions. German Plans for 1916 While Austrian Chief of Staff Count Conrad von HÃ ¶tzendorf made plans for attacking Italy through the Trentino, his German counterpart, Erich von Falkenhayn, was looking to the Western Front. Incorrectly believing that the Russians had been effectively defeated the year before at Gorlice-Tarnow, Falkenhayn decided to concentrate Germanys offensive power on knocking France out of the war with the knowledge that with the loss of their main ally, Britain would be forced to sue for peace. To do so, he sought attack the French at a vital point along line and one that they would not be able to retreat from due to issues of strategy and national pride. As a result, he intended to compel the French to commit to a battle that would bleed France white. In assessing his options, Falkenhayn selected Verdun as the target of his operation. Relatively isolated in a salient in the German lines, the French could only reach the city over one road while it was located near several German railheads. Dubbing the plan Operation Gericht (Judgment), Falkenhayn secured Kaiser Wilhelm IIs approval and began massing his troops. The Battle of Verdun A fortress town on the Meuse River, Verdun protected the plains of Champagne and the approaches to Paris. Surrounded by rings of forts and batteries, Verduns defenses had been weakened in 1915, as artillery was shifted to other sections of the line. Falkenhayn intended to launch his offensive on February 12, but it was postponed nine days due to poor weather. Alerted to the attack, the delay allowed the French to reinforce the citys defenses. Surging forward on February 21, the Germans succeeded in driving the French back. Feeding reinforcements into the battle, including General Philippe Petains Second Army, the French began to inflict heavy losses on the Germans as the attackers lost the protection of their own artillery. In March, the Germans changed tactics and assaulted the flanks of Verdun at Le Mort Homme and Cote (Hill) 304. Fighting continued to rage through April and May with Germans slowly advancing, but at a massive cost (Map). The Battle of Jutland As fighting raged at Verdun, the Kaiserliche Marine began planning efforts to break the British blockade of the North Sea. Outnumbered in battleships and battlecruisers, the commander of the High Seas Fleet, Vice Admiral Reinhard Scheer, hoped to lure part of the British fleet to its doom with the goal of evening the numbers for a larger engagement at a later date. To accomplish this, Scheer intended to have Vice Admiral Franz Hippers scouting force of battlecruisers raid the English coast to draw out Vice Admiral Sir David Beattys Battlecruiser Fleet. Hipper would then retire, luring Beatty towards the High Seas Fleet which would destroy the British ships. Putting this plan into action, Scheer was unaware that British codebreakers had notified his opposite number, Admiral Sir John Jellicoe, that a major operation was in the offing. As a result, Jellicoe sortied with his Grand Fleet to support Beatty. Clashing on May 31, around 2:30 PM on May 31, Beatty was roughly handled by Hipper and lost two battlecruisers. Alerted to the approach of Scheers battleships, Beatty reversed course towards Jellicoe. The resulting fight proved the only major clash between the two nations battleship fleets. Twice crossing Scheers T, Jellicoe compelled the Germans to retire. The battle concluded with confused night actions as the smaller warships met each other in the dark and the British attempted to pursue Scheer (Map). While the Germans succeeded in sinking more tonnage and inflicting higher casualties, the battle itself resulted in a strategic victory for the British. Though the public had sought a triumph similar to Trafalgar, the German efforts at Jutland failed to break the blockade or significantly reduce the Royal Navys numerical advantage in capital ships. Also, the result led to the High Seas Fleet effectively remaining in port for the remainder of the war as the Kaiserliche Marine turned its focus to submarine warfare. Previous: 1915 - A Stalemate Ensues | World War I: 101 | Next: A Global Struggle Previous: 1915 - A Stalemate Ensues | World War I: 101 | Next: A Global Struggle The Battle of the Somme As a result of the fighting at Verdun, the Allied plans for an offensive along the Somme were modified to make it a largely British operation. Moving forward with the goal of easing pressure on Verdun, the main push was to come from General Sir Henry Rawlinsons Fourth Army which was largely comprised of Territorial and New Army troops. Preceded by a seven-day bombardment and the detonation of several mines under German strong points, the offensive began at 7:30 AM on July 1. Advancing behind a creeping barrage, British troops encountered heavy German resistance as the preliminary bombardment had been largely ineffective. In all areas the British attack achieved little success or was repulsed outright. On July 1, the BEF suffered over 57,470 casualties (19,240 killed) making it the bloodiest day in the history of the British Army (Map). While the British attempted to restart their offensive, the French component had success south of the Somme. By July 11, Rawlinsons men captured the first line of German trenches. This compelled the Germans to halt their offensive at Verdun in order to reinforce the front along the Somme. For six weeks, fighting became a grinding battle of attrition. On September 15, Haig made a final attempt at a breakthrough at Flers-Courcelette. Achieving limited success, the battle saw the debut of the tank as a weapon. Haig continued to push until the battles conclusion on November 18. In over four months of fighting, the British took 420,000 casualties while the French sustained 200,000. The offensive gained around seven miles of front for the Allies and the Germans lost around 500,000 men. Victory at Verdun With the opening of fighting at the Somme, the pressure on Verdun began to wane as German troops were shifted west. The high water mark of the German advance was reached on July 12, when troops reached Fort Souville. Having held, the French commander in Verdun, General Robert Nivelle, began planning a counter-offensive to push the Germans back from the city. With the failure of his plan to take Verdun and setbacks in the East, Falkenhayn was replaced as chief of staff in August by General Paul von Hindenburg. Making heavy use of artillery barrages, Nivelle began attacking the Germans on October 24. Recapturing key forts on the citys outskirts, the French had success on most fronts. By the end of fighting on December 18, the Germans had effectively been driven back to their original lines. The fighting at Verdun cost the French 161,000 dead, 101,000 missing, and 216,000 wounded, while the Germans lost 142,000 killed and 187,000 wounded. While the Allies were able to replace these losses, the Germans increasingly were not. The Battle of Verdun and the Somme became symbols of sacrifice and determination for the French and British Armies. The Italian Front in 1916 With the war raging on the Western Front, HÃ ¶tzendorf moved forward with his offensive against the Italians. Irate at Italys perceived betrayal of its Triple Alliance responsibilities, HÃ ¶tzendorf opened a punishment offensive by attacking through the mountains of the Trentino on May 15. Striking between Lake Garda and the headwaters of the River Brenta, the Austrians initially overwhelmed the defenders. Recovering, the Italians mounted a heroic defense which halted the offensive at a cost of 147,000 casualties. Despite the losses sustained in the Trentino, the overall Italian commander, Field Marshal Luigi Cadorna, pressed forward with plans for renewing attacks in the Isonzo River valley. Opening the Sixth Battle of the Isonzo in August, the Italians captured the town of Gorizia. The Seventh, Eight, and Ninth battles followed in September, October, and November but gained little ground (Map). Russian Offensives on the Eastern Front Committed to offensives in 1916 by the Chantilly conference, the Russian Stavka began preparations for attacking the Germans along the northern part of the front. Due to additional mobilization and the re-tooling of industry for war, the Russians enjoyed an advantage in both manpower and artillery. The first attacks began on March 18 in response to French appeals to relieve pressure on Verdun. Striking the Germans on either side of Lake Naroch, the Russians sought to retake the town of Vilna in Eastern Poland. Advancing on a narrow front, they made some progress before the Germans began counterattacking. After thirteen days of fighting, the Russians admitted defeat and sustaining 100,000 casualties. In the wake of the failure, the Russian Chief of Staff, General Mikhail Alekseyev convened a meeting to discuss offensive options. During the conference, the new commander of the southern front, General Aleksei Brusilov, proposed an attack against the Austrians. Approved, Brusilov carefully planned his operation and moved forward on June 4. Using new tactics, Brusilovs men attacked on a wide front overwhelmed the Austrian defenders. Seeking to take advantage of Brusilovs success, Alekseyev ordered General Alexei Evert to attack the Germans north of the Pripet Marshes. Hastily prepared, Everts offensive was easily defeated by the Germans. Pressing on, Brusilovs men enjoyed success through early September and inflicted 600,000 casualties on the Austrians and 350,000 on the Germans. Advancing sixty miles, the offensive ended due to a lack of reserves and the need to aid Romania (Map). Romanias Blunder Previously neutral, Romania was enticed to join the Allied cause by a desire to add Transylvania to its borders. Though it had had some success during the Second Balkan War, its military was small and country faced enemies on three sides. Declaring war on August 27, Romanian troops advanced into Transylvania. This was met by a counter-offensive by German and Austrian forces, as well as attacks by the Bulgarians to the south. Quickly overwhelmed, the Romanians retreated, losing Bucharest on December 5, and were forced back to Moldavia where they dug in with Russian assistance (Map). Previous: 1915 - A Stalemate Ensues | World War I: 101 | Next: A Global Struggle

The Constitution And Freedom Of The United States - 901 Words

The Constitution and Freedom The process of debating the guiding document of the new nation, provided the opportunity for 55 delegates to reflect on a national argument. The key issue of strong central government verses strong states provided the dividing line between Federalists and Anti-Federalists and would be seen as the underlying theme for many of the debates. Writing as Brutus, Robert Yates stated it succinctly, â€Å"The most important question that was ever posed to your decision, or to the decision of any people under heaven, is before you†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1787). The Anti-Federalists were concerned with maintaining freedom. The states had just fought a battle to remove themselves from the tyranny of English control. To give up significant amounts of power to a centralized entity would undermine what they had accomplished in winning their freedom. The states were individually named in the Declaration of Independence and the Treaty of Paris recognized them as â€Å"free sovereign and independent states. Several steps were taken to ensure the new federal government would not become simply a replacement for Britain as the ruler of the states. Representation The first step towards ensuring their freedom was to establish how the states would be represented in the new Federal government. Some form of elected or chosen representation was needed to ensure that the states would have a direct hand in determining the laws of the new country. The original plan proposed by VirginiaShow MoreRelatedU.S. Constitution vs. Jamaican Constitution1444 Words   |  6 Pagesconsideration, one would presume that the United States Constitution and the Constitution of Jamaica would not be similar at all. 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Utopia, which translates to Greek for â€Å"no place†, describes an idealistic form of government where money and private property do not exist. The United States Constitution, on the other hand, illustrates a balanced government and justice system that protects and gives power to the people. Both forms of government have equal gend er rights

Langston Hughes and the Harlem Renaissance Free Essays

string(74) " of slave ships blazed to the crack of the whips about his thighs†\." Longboats Hughes and the Harlem Renaissance Harlem Renaissance was undoubtedly a cultural and social-political movement for the African American race. The Renaissance was many things to people, but it is best described as a cultural movement in which the high level of black artistic cultural production, demanded and received recognition. Many African American writers, musicians, poets, and leaders were able to express their creativity in many ways in response to their social condition. We will write a custom essay sample on Langston Hughes and the Harlem Renaissance or any similar topic only for you Order Now Until the Harlem Renaissance, poetry and literature were dominated by the white people and were all about the white culture. One writer in particular, Longboats Hughes, broke through those barriers that very few African-American artists had done before this period. Longboats Hughes played a major role and was a tremendous influence on African-American culture throughout the United States during the era of the Harlem Renaissance. He has written many poems that were influenced during the Harlem Renaissance, Trumpet Player and Harlem. From my perspective these poems expressed his rhythmic style and his connection to the Harlem Renaissance. In the sass’s and early sass’s, there was an African American cultural movement hat took place in the neighborhood of Harlem, New York. It is variously known as the Harlem Renaissance, the Black Literary Renaissance, or the New Negro Movement. This movement developed at the end of World War I in 1918, blossomed in the mid to late sass’s, and faded in the mid sass’s. There were several things that contributed to the rise of this time period, after segregation was made legal in the South, it made living conditions intolerable for African-Americans. They were powerless before the law and less than human in the eyes of many whites† (Harlem Renaissance 954). This caused a great migration to the North which seemed absolutely necessary for African-Americans. There was an industrial explosion occurring in the North and it was creating a demand for labor. Many settled in northern cities such as Chicago, Philadelphia, and Cleveland, but New York was the destin ation for most. This migration to the North was a huge breakthrough for African-Americans and was the beginning of the cultural movement, the Harlem Renaissance. The Harlem Renaissance was also considered as a literary movement led by the African-Americans. It was a time of African-American creativity in literature, music, dance, and art. This movement created amazing opportunities for African-Americans, they were able to pursue their hopes and dreams without being discriminated against. They persevered and finally received what they hoped and dreamed of from white society. African-Americans received better education, more employment opportunities, and were more acknowledged in the performing arts. African Americans worked not only with a new sense of confidence and purpose but also with a sense of achievement never before experienced by so many black artists in the Eng, troubled history of the peoples of African descent in North America† (Harlem Renaissance 953). During this time the black culture was becoming more popular and accepted by non-blacks. The Harlem Renaissance was important to African- Americans because it was the first ma jor step towards equality. Many African-Americans began to write during this time and began getting noticed for their writings. Some common themes represented during the Harlem Renaissance were the influence of the experience of slavery and emerging African- American folk traditions on black identity, the effects of institutional racism, the lemmas inherent in performing and writing for elite white audiences, and the question of how to convey the experience of modern black life in the urban North† (Wisped, Harlem Renaissance). In many of the writings that I have read from the Harlem Renaissance era, they truly depicted their struggles and experiences through their writings. There were numerous famous poets that emerged from this era, Longboats Hughes was one of the most famous poets and writers of this time. His poems were mainly about his heritage and also the experiences of Africans. Hughes was a great writer with much diversity in his types of writings. His poetry was a way for us to see a picture of urban life during the Harlem Renaissance, the habits, attitudes, and feelings of his oppressed people. These poems did more than reveal the pain of poverty, it also illustrated racial pride and dignity. His main concern was the uplift of his people, whose strengths, resiliency, courage, and humor he wanted to record as part of the general American experience† (Wisped, Longboats Hughes). Hughes was not ashamed of his heritage and his main theme, â€Å"black is beautiful,† was expressed and shared to the world through his poetry. During the literary movement, music was central to the cultural movement of the Harlem Renaissance, which was a mai n feature of Hughes poetry. He had an important technical influence by his emphasis on folk, Jazz, and blues rhythms as the basis of his poetry of racial pride. Hughes used this unique style of writing because it was important to him to have the readers feel and experience what they were reading, â€Å"to recognize the covert rhetoric in lyric meaner to appreciate the overlap between emotive and discursive poetry. Rooted in song, the lyric reestablishes the ritual of human communion† (Miller 52). The poem that I felt reflected Languor’s lyrical style and expressed the struggles of his people was, â€Å"Trumpet Player†. After reading it many times quietly, aloud, and with music I was able to truly understand the meaning that was portrayed through this poem. The trumpet player in this poem was â€Å"The Negro’ who sat on the stage, playing his trumpet, and telling us his story about the past and present struggles of his life. In the first stanza where Longboats mentions â€Å"Has dark moons of weariness Beneath his eyes†, tells me that he has been through many things throughout his life ND by looking at him you can see the struggles he has faced. The line that follows gives you an insight to what he remembers and his violent past, â€Å"Where the smoldering memory of slave ships blazed to the crack of the whips about his thighs†. You read "Langston Hughes and the Harlem Renaissance" in category "Papers" After reading the first stanza you’ve learned about the trumpet player and the life that he has lived. â€Å"The Negro’ continues to play â€Å"with the trumpet at his lips, has a head of vibrant hair tamed down, Patent-leathered now, Until it gleams like Jet- Were jet a crown†. In this stanza I felt that Longboats showed the beauty of the trumpet player despite the struggles he has faced. With music playing an important role in Languor’s style of writing and in the trumpet player’s life, he expresses this in the third stanza: â€Å"The music, From the trumpet at his lips, Is honey, Mixed with liquid fire†. The music that the trumpet player plays is like â€Å"honey’ to him, it is easy and feels good, â€Å"mixed with liquid fire† meaning it is strong and powerful at the same time. Longboats goes on to explain how important the trumpet is for the trumpet player. He describes the rhythm as â€Å"ecstasy, distilled from old desire†, by using the word â€Å"ecstasy’ Longboats expresses how moving and pleasurable the music is to the rumple player. Distilled from old desire† reflects that the trumpet player has always had the desire to play, and even though his desire has aged he still has it within his soul to play. Within the fourth stanza Longboats goes deeper into detail about how deep the desire within the trumpe t player really is. â€Å"Desire, That is longing for the moon, Where the moonlight’s but a spotlight In his eyes†, I felt that in this line Longboats is telling us that the trumpet player longs for great things as high as the moon, but for him it is unreachable and will only be a spotlight in his eye. He also amperes his desire, â€Å"longing for the sea, where the sea’s a bar-glass, sucker size†; it is another way of telling us that his desires, hopes, and dreams are as big as the sea, but living the life of oppression it will only be the size of a small glass. The fifth stanza allows us to create an image in our mind what the trumpet player looks and feels as he is playing the trumpet. He is standing there with his Jacket that has a â€Å"fine one-button roll†, playing his trumpet without reading music from a page. Does not know Upon what riff the music slips†, I saw this line to be powerful, the trumpet layer plays and creates music from within his mind and soul, his gift of music is so profound it emanates right out of him without reading a single note. â€Å"Its hypodermic needle to his soul†, Longboats also describes the intense feeling he gets as he plays, almost like a drug, maybe even painful to his soul. â€Å"But softly, as the tune co mes from his throat, Trouble Mellows to a golden note†, this last stanza defines for us why the trumpet player plays. Even though he has faced oppression, a violent past, desperation, and struggle the trumpet player uses the music to mellow his soul and invert his pain to â€Å"a golden note†. Throughout this poem Longboats Hughes was able to express using his Jazz-like structure and musical flow, the struggles, past and present, that his people have faced throughout their life. Another poem that I felt truly depicted the feelings of African-Americans during the Harlem Renaissance era is, â€Å"Harlem (Dream Deferred)†. It is a poem about the dreams slaves had while being on the plantations as well as in the streets of Harlem. Throughout the poem, we are not quite sure what the dream is but we are aware of the negative effects dreams can have when they are deferred. Longboats captured me with his first line â€Å"What happens to a dream deferred? † He speaks of the African- Americans from the plantations, who have dreams but are being suppressed by oppressing forces. Racism dividing whites and blacks from any type of equality in America allowing them to have dreams but holding them back to enough to never fulfill those dreams. He continues to ask what will happen to this dream â€Å"does it dry up like a raisin in the sun†, he uses the example off raisin because they start out as a plump Juicy grape, but transform into something different once they are left out to ray. I felt that Longboats wanted us to know that his people had dreams, but the mistreatment and belief of black inferiority from the white slave masters eventually caused those dreams to shrivel up like a raisin and lose their meaning. He then asks could it â€Å"fester like a sore and then run†, meaning does the dream pick at you like a wound or sore, but if nothing is done to heal that sore, or to reach your dream, does it run away from you. Longboats gives a very descriptive image to the point you can almost feel and smell what would happen to your dream if it was deferred, â€Å"Does it tint like rotten meat†, the dream becomes so stagnate it begins to turn fowl. In the line could it â€Å"crust and sugar over like a syrupy sweet† felt that Longboats was saying that dreaming was sweet in the inside but crusted over and became harder to reach from the outside. When Longboats said â€Å"maybe it Just sags like a heavy load†, he meant these dreams started to weigh on his people’s hearts, it became a burden to have any dreams. The last question of the poem â€Å"Or does it explode? † stands out the most to me, you have a dream that you dreamed of so much that it leaves you in espalier and escapes you. Longboats Hughes wrote this poem during a time when African-Americans were enduring injustice, and feeling there was no way to reach forward. I felt he truly captured what it was like for African-Americans at that time and how they were treated. Harlem Renaissance was a time when many African-Americans depicted their struggles and experiences through writing. It was a time that brought out many great changes and it allowed African-Americans to express their culture without fear and shame. This movement changed the way African-Americans were seen by whites, and he black culture became more accepted. Many great writers came about during this time, one of which was Longboats Hughes. His poetry was a true reflection of the African-American culture and Harlem. He was influenced by the struggles presented in the Harlem Renaissance, which was expressed through his poem â€Å"Harlem (Dream Deferred). † He also emphasized how music replenished the soul through emotional connections by the use of form and language through his poem â€Å"Trumpet Player. † Longboats Hughes had a true connection to the Harlem Renaissance, he helped define he spirit of the age through his lyrical style and brilliant writings. How to cite Langston Hughes and the Harlem Renaissance, Papers

Israel Marcano Essay Example For Students

Israel Marcano Essay Buddhist Monks Aim for NirvanaBuddhism states that there is a path to happiness and the Buddha canlead you there. Buddhist monks of all different orders are trying to reachhappiness, or Nirvana. There may be some differences between the sects butthe core beliefs surround the Buddhas teachings and practices. An ordainedmonk or nun lives a special life. Some last a lifetime while others onlyfor a brief time, however both experiences are moving. Tibetan Buddhist monks take there vows for life. When becoming aBuddhist monk it is very important that you do not rush into taking yourvows. Time must be taken to fully understand the advantages anddisadvantages of becoming a Buddhist monk. Currently there are monasteriesthat allow you to live the life of a Buddhist monk for a few days, weeks ormonths in order to make the correct decision. The Tibetan tradition doesnot encourage those who take the vows to give them back and return to asecular lifestyle. As long as a monk asks permission he is able to freelyleave the order. Theravadin Buddhist countries, like Thailand, believe that every manmust have served as a monk at one point in his life. These monks arereferred to as short-term monks. The period that they are actually monksmay range from a few days to as long as a few months. This short-termservice is seen as primarily a teaching tool. Living even a short periodof time as a monk is believed to prepare the individual for life as alayman, householder and family head. Also this practice helps theindividual earn merit with his family and especially his parents. Manypeople in these countries still chose to remain a monk for their lifetime. Before making any final decisions on becoming either a short-termmonk or a lifetime monk the fundamental teachings of the Buddha must bethoroughly understood. These teachings include the Four Noble Truths, theEightfold Path, and the Stages of the Path to Enlightenment. Normally thisinvolves a number of years of study and practice with the help of ateacher. This teacher will be your guide and sponsor. With your teacheryou will learn how to live your everyday life according to the Buddhistteachings and practices. During this time you may live in a monastery tofully understand and appreciate this lifestyle. Once you have made the decision to lead a monks life, you mustapproach the abbot or his secretary for an interview. You are thenaccepted as a naga. Then are given training in the rules, daily chanting,and the ordination procedure. The length of training before ordination canbe one month or less, the abbot might expect an applicant to spend at least9 months as a layman and novice before higher ordination. During thisperiod the layman wears a white robe and learns eight precepts. Novicemonks wear the orange robes and are given ten precepts to follow along withseventy-five training rules. There are certain requirements that must bemet in order to be ordained. The novice must be at least twenty years old,free of debt, free of any government or military duties and they must havethe consent of their immediate family. The ordination ceremony uses thePali language and the novice must memorize the lines. The novice must alsomemorize the 227 rules of discipline, called the Patimokkha, that the monksfollow. Originally the Buddha did not allow woman to become nuns.ThenBuddha received many requests from woman to allow them to become nuns. Hereconsidered his position and decided to allow woman in to the order. Thefirst woman accepted as a nun was Paccabadi Gotami, the Buddhasstepmother, who was ordained by the Buddha himself. In establishing theBhikkhuni Sangha, or nuns, the Buddha added that any other ordinationsshould be held with a fully ordained bhikkhuni present as a witness. Since the time of Buddha there have always been nuns ordained intothe order. In more recent years the number of woman becoming nuns becamesmaller and smaller. There came a point were there were no longer any fullyordained nuns in the world. Without these fully ordained nuns there cannotbe any present at the ordination of new nuns, this prohibits any new nunsfrom becoming fully ordained themselves. Buddhist woman today can live inthe order as an eight or ten precept novice but can never be fullyordained. Stem Cell Research and Breast Cancer EssayA day in the life of a monk is simple and beautiful. Monks wake upwhen the temple gongs are sounded in the early hours of the morning. Afterthey wash and dress they meditate until it is light enough to go around andcollect the alms offering. When a monk goes on his rounds he acceptswhatever foods are placed in his alms bowl. He never asks for anything,accepting what is offered, standing silently, with eyes lowered, untilafter the offering is made, when he may chant a brief blessing for thedonor. When they return to their huts they can eat their meal. This meal isusually their only one for the day. Some monks eat a second meal but nomonks are allowed to eat after noon. The rest of their day is spentmeditating, reading, studying, and can sometimes include a nap. In theevening they attend the twilight ceremonial chanting. At night the monkssleeps for six sometimes four hours. Meditation is a conscious effort to change how the mind works. ThePali word for meditation is bhavana, meaning to grow or to develop. Meditation is very important because although we may want to make changesin our lives, it is not easy to have control of our thoughts and actions. Meditation develops awareness and the energy needed to change our old waysand prepare for the right path. There are many types of meditation, theBuddha taught a number of ways to meditate and particular ways to deal withspecific problems. The most common are Mindfulness or Insight Meditation,called Vipassana, and Loving-kindness Meditation, called Samatha. The Pali word Nibbana is formed of Ni and Vana. Ni is a negativearticle and vana means desire. The ultimate goal of all Buddhists is to endthe cycle of life and death, of reincarnation, by enlightenment andreaching nirvana or nibbana. Nirvana is not a place where we go; it is astate of mind and being. Nirvana can be reached here on earth as the Buddhahas. The Buddha said that Nirvana is the highest happiness. All Buddhist are living for Nirvana. The simple life facilitates theprocess. Meditations and ascetic living allow the mind to focus on its pathand state of being. The Buddha ordained woman and there were many nuns foryears, the teachings of the Buddha however prevents any future woman frombeing ordained. Buddhism may be all over the world and have differentpractices, but the Buddha is always the center and happiness is alwayseveryone ultimate goal. Works Cited 1. Bechert, Heinz. The World of Buddhism : Buddhist monks and nuns insociety and culture, New York : Thames and Hudson, 1984. 2. Della Santina, Peter. The tree of enlightenment : an introduction tothe major traditions of Buddhism , Taipei, Taiwan: Reprinted anddonated for free distribution by the Corporate Body of the BuddhaEducational Foundation, 1997. 3. Lopez, Donald S. The story of Buddhism : a concise guide to itshistory and teachings , San Francisco, California: Harper SanFrancisco, 2001. 4. Novick, Rebecca McClen. Fundamentals of Tibetan Buddhism , Freedom,California: Crossing Press, 1999. 5. Prebish, Charles S. The A to Z of Buddhism , Lanham, Maryland:Scarecrow Press, 2001. 6. Saddhatissa, H. Buddhist ethics; essence of Buddhism , New York, G. Braziller, 1971. 7. Schumann, Hans Wolfgang. Buddhism; an outline of its teachings andschools , Wheaton, Ill., Theosophical Pub. House, 1973. 8. Trainor, Kevin. Buddhism : the illustrated guide , New York : OxfordUniversity Press, 2001.